Chemistry thermo lab, Hesss Law Essay Example for Free

Chemistry thermo lab, Hesss Law Essay Introduction: In this lab, we will be determining the change in enthalpy for the combustion reaction of magnesium (Mg) using Hess’s law. Procedure: 1. React about 100 mL of 1.00 M hydrochloric acid with 0.80 g of MgO. Note the change in temperature and any qualitative data. 2. React about 100 mL of 1.00 M hydrochloric acid with 0.50 g of Mg. Note the change in temperature and any qualitative data. Raw Data: Quantitative: Reaction, trial Mass ( ± 0.01 g) Initial temperature ( ± 0.1à ¢Ã‚ ° C) Final temperature ( ± 0.1à ¢Ã‚ ° C) Volume of HCl ( ± 0.05 mL) Reaction 1, Trial 1 0.80 22.0 26.9 100.00 Reaction 1, Trial 2 0.80 22.2 26.9 100.00 Reaction 2, Trial 1 0.50 21.6 44.4 100.00 Reaction 2, Trial 2 0.50 21.8 43.8 100.00 Qualitative: 1. Hydrochloric acid is colorless and odorless 2. Magnesium tape is shiny after cleaning it from oxidants, increasing its purity. 3. In both reactions, the solution became bubbly. 4. There was a strong odor from the reaction. Data Processing: Trial 1: Reaction 1: First, we have to calculate the ΔT by subtracting the final temperature by initial temperature: 1. 2. 3. Now we calculate the mass of the solution, assuming it has the density as water: 1. 2. 3. 4. Now, we can use q=mc ΔT to calculate the energy gained by the solution: 1. 2. 3. Therefore: 1. Now, we have to calculate the number of moles for MgO: 1. 2. 3. We can now calculate the change in enthalpy by dividing the q of the reaction by the moles of the limiting reagent: 1. Now, we do reaction 2, trial 1 so we can use Hess’s law to calculate the change in enthalpy of formation, but first we are going to calculate the uncertainty in this expression: First, we calculate the uncertainty for the: 1. 2. 3. Now for mass: 1. 2. As for the energy gained: 1. 2. Now for the energy of the reaction: 1. It is multiplied by an integer (-1) so it is the same unc. As for the moles: 1. 2. Finally, the change in enthalpy: 1. 2. 3. Reaction 2: First, we have to calculate the ΔT by subtracting the final temperature by initial temperature: 1. 2. Now we calculate the mass of the solution, assuming it has the density as water: 1. 2. 3. Now, we can use q=mc ΔT to calculate the energy gained by the solution: 1. 2. Therefore: 1. Now, we have to calculate the number of moles for MgO: 1. 2. We can now calculate the change in enthalpy by dividing the q of the reaction by the moles of the limiting reagent: 1. I will now calculate the uncertainties: First, we calculate the uncertainty for the: 1. 2. Now for mass: 1. 2. As for the energy gained: 1. 2. Now for the energy of the reaction: 1. It is multiplied by an integer (-1) so it is the same unc. As for the moles: 1. 2. Finally, the change in enthalpy: 1. 2. 3. Now, we use Hess’s law to calculate the change of enthalpy of formation: 1. MgO(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l) 2. Mg (s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2 (g) 3. H2(g) + 0.5 O2(g) H2O(l) (given) By reversing reaction number 1, we can get our targeted reaction: Mg (s) + 0.5 O2(g) MgO(s) Now to calculate the change of enthalpy, which will be the change of enthalpy of formation? 1. 2. Our final result is: 1. Mg (s) + 0.5 O2(g) MgO(s) Random error and percent error: We can calculate the random error by just adding the random errors of the component reactions: 1. 2. 3. As for the percent error: 1. 2. 3. Trial 2: Reaction 1: First, we have to calculate the ΔT by subtracting the final temperature by initial temperature: 1. 2. Now we calculate the mass of the solution, assuming it has the density as water: 1. 2. 3. Now, we can use q=mc ΔT to calculate the energy gained by the solution: 1. 2. 3. Therefore: 1. Now, we have to calculate the number of moles for MgO: 1. 2. 3. We can now calculate the change in enthalpy by dividing the q of the reaction by the moles of the limiting reagent: 1. Now, we do reaction 2, trial 1 so we can use Hess’s law to calculate the change in enthalpy of formation, but first we are going to calculate the uncertainty in this expression: First, we calculate the uncertainty for the: 1. 2. 3. Now for mass: 1. 2. As for the energy gained: 1. 2. Now for the energy of the reaction: 1. It is multiplied by an integer (-1) so it is the same unc. As for the moles: 1. 2. Finally, the change in enthalpy: 1. 2. 3. Reaction 2: First, we have to calculate the ΔT by subtracting the final temperature by initial temperature: 1. 2. Now we calculate the mass of the solution, assuming it has the density as water: 1. 2. 3. Now, we can use q=mc ΔT to calculate the energy gained by the solution: 1. 2. Therefore: 1. Now, we have to calculate the number of moles for MgO: 1. 2. We can now calculate the change in enthalpy by dividing the q of the reaction by the moles of the limiting reagent: 1. I will now calculate the uncertainties: First, we calculate the uncertainty for the: 1. 2. Now for mass: 1. 2. As for the energy gained: 1. 2. Now for the energy of the reaction: 1. It is multiplied by an integer (-1) so it is the same unc. As for the moles: 1. 2. Finally, the change in enthalpy: 1. 2. 3. Now to calculate the change of enthalpy, which will be the change of enthalpy of formation: 1. 2. Our final result is: 1. Mg (s) + 0.5 O2(g) MgO(s) Random error and percent error: We can calculate the random error by just adding the random errors of the component reactions: 1. 2. 3. As for the percent error: 1. 2. 3. Processed data: Trial 1 Trial 2 of reaction 1 -104 kJ/mol ( ± 2.10%) -99 kJ/mol ( ± 2.19%) of reaction 2 -463 kJ/mol ( ± 0.509%) -446 kJ/mol ( ± 0.525%) of MgO -645 kJ/mol ( ± 2.61%) -633 kJ/mol ( ± 2.72%) Conclusion and Evaluation: In this lab, we determined the standard enthalpy change of formation of MgO using Hess’s law. First, we reacted HCl with MgO for the first reaction and got -104 kJ/mol ( ± 2.10%) for trial 1 and -99 kJ/mol ( ± 2.19%) for trial 2. As for reaction 2, where you react, I got -463 kJ/mol ( ± 0.509%) for trial 1 and -446 kJ/mol ( ± 0.525%) for trial 2. When we use Hess’s Law, we have to reverse reaction 1 to get the targeted equation, Mg (s) + 0.5 O2(g) MgO(s), and we get an enthalpy change value of -645 kJ/mol ( ± 2.61%) for trial 1, and -633 kJ/mol ( ± 2.72%) for trial 2. For trial 1, my value got a percent error of 7.14%, which is not that bad considering the weaknesses this lab had that will be discussed in the evaluation. However, in trial 2, I got a better percent error, which is 5.15%, we got a better value because we had a bigger ΔH values thus when adding them (since one of them is positive and the other two is negative) we get a smaller value for the enthalpy change of formation thus bringing us closer to the theoretical value. The biggest weakness in this lab was the impurity of the substances, the assumptions that we made about the HCl solution, for example, we assumed that the specific heat capacity of the solution is the same as water, which is an assumption that is not a 100% accurate and affected our ΔH values for both reactions and eventually our final ΔHf value. To fix this, In the different range of specific heat capacity values, 4.10 j/g k would have been more appropriate to get closer to our theoretical values, as you get a bigger qrxn values thus bigger ΔH values. Another thing that I noticed is that the theoretical value that I got was the â€Å"Standard† enthalpy change of formation. Standard meaning at standard conditions which are at 293 K and 101.3 kPa for pressure. These weren’t the conditions in the lab when I did the experiment. This might alter the experimental value closer to the theoretical value reducing the percent error.

Abraham Lincoln Essay -- essays research papers

Abraham Lincoln, from the backwoods of Hodgenville Kentucky, rose to become one of the greatest presidents of the United States. During his attempt to keep the Union in the Civil War, he gained more power and authority than any president before him. A excellent politician, Lincoln was always looked upon for leadership for he put reason and thoughtful decisions behind his word.Abraham Lincoln, born to Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hawks on February 12, 1809, was conceived in a log cabin built by his father. Abe had one older sister, and a younger brother that died as an infant. The Lincoln family moved a lot, from Kentucky to Indiana, and back to Kentucky. Abe read a book titled Mason Locke Weems's Life and Memorable Actions of George Washington, this book mad a lasting impression on him that persuaded him throughout his life. By the time he was nineteen Abe reached his full grown height of six feet four inches. He held small jobs such as a clerk, postmaster and a few others through his early twenties. Then in 1832 he ran for county candidate against 13 others. Only four were to be elected and Lincoln finished eighth. In '834 he ran for a representative to the Illinois legislature, by this time Lincoln was well known and he got the election.Abe began to study law, and in 1836 became a licensed attorney. In 1837 he made his first public stand against slavery, Lincoln avoided extreme abolitionist groups though he was greatly against slavery.On November 4, 1842 Lincoln married Ma...

Birago Diop’s Vanity Essay

Birago Diop: He was born in 1906 at Dakar, Senegal. He was educated in Senegal and in France where in qualifed in veterinary surgeon. VANITY is one of his many poems he used in expressing the presence of the ancestor. THE POEM VANITY If we tell, gently, gently All that we shall one day have to tell, Who then will hear our voices without laughter, Sad complaining voices of beggars Who indeed will hear them without laughter? If we roughly of our torments Ever increasing from the start of things What eyes will watch our large mouths Shaped by the laughter of big children What eyes will watch our large mouth? What hearts will listen to our clamoring? What ear to our pitiful anger Which grows in us like a tumor In the black depth of our plaintive throats? When our Dead comes with their Dead When they have spoken to us in their clumsy voices; Just as our ears were deaf To their cries, to their wild appeals Just as our ears were deaf They have left on the earth their cries, In the air, on the water, where they have traced their signs For us blind deaf and unworthy Sons Who see nothing of what they have made In the air, on the water, where they have traced their signs And since we did not understand the dead Since we have never listen to their cries If we weep, gently, gently If we cry roughly to our torments What heart will listen to our clamoring, What ear to our sobbing hearts?

What Antimatter Is and Where to Find It

You may have heard about antimatter in the context of science fiction or particles accelerators, but antimatter is a part of the everyday world. Here is a look at what antimatter is and where you might find it. Every elementary particle has a corresponding anti-particle, which is antimatter. Protons have anti-protons. Neutrons have anti-neutrons. Electrons have anti-electrons, which are common enough to have their own name: positrons. Particles of antimatter have a charge opposite that of their usual components. For example, positrons have a 1 charge, while electrons have a -1 electric charge. Antimatter Atoms and Antimatter Elements Antimatter particles may be used to build antimatter atoms and antimatter elements. An atom of anti-helium would be comprised of a nucleus containing two anti-neutrons and two anti-protons (charge -2), surrounded by 2 positrons (charge 2). Anti-protons, anti-neutrons, and positrons have been produced in the lab, but antimatter exists in nature, too. Positrons are generated by lightning, among other phenomena. Lab-created positrons are used in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) medical scans. When antimatter and matter react the event is known as annihilation. A great deal of energy is released by the reaction, but no earth-ending dire consequence results, like you would see in science fiction. What Does Antimatter Look Like? When you see antimatter depicted in science fiction movies, its usually some weird glowing gas in a special containment unit. Real antimatter looks just like regular matter. Anti-water, for example, would still be H2O and would have the same properties of water when reacting with other antimatter. The difference is that antimatter reacts with regular matter, so you do not encounter large amounts of antimatter in the natural world. If you somehow had a bucket of anti-water and threw it into the regular ocean, it would produce an explosion much like that of a nuclear device. Real antimatter exists on a small scale in the world around us, reacts, and is gone.

Biography of John Sutter, Landowner During Gold Rush

John Sutter (born Johann August Suter; February 23, 1803–June 18, 1880) was a Swiss immigrant in California whose sawmill was the launching spot for the California Gold Rush. Sutter was a prosperous pioneer and land baron when one of his sawmill workers found a nugget of gold at the mill, on January 24, 1848. Despite the rush for gold and fortune that ensued on his land, Sutter himself was driven into poverty. Fast Facts: John Sutter Known For:  Sutter was a settler and founder of California and his mill was the launching spot for the California Gold Rush.Also Known As:  John Augustus Sutter, Johann August SuterBorn:  February 23, 1803 in Kandern, Baden, GermanyDied:  June 18, 1880 in Washington, D.C.Education: Possibly a Swiss military academySpouse: Annette DuboldChildren: 5Notable Quote: After having proved the metal with aqua fortis, which I found in my apothecary shop, likewise with other experiments, and read the long article â€Å"gold† in the Encyclopedia Americana, I declared this to be gold of the finest quality, of at least 23 carats. Early Life Johann August Suter was a Swiss citizen born on February 23, 1803, in Kandern, Baden, Germany. He went to school in Switzerland and possibly served in the Swiss Army. He married Annette Dubold in 1826 and had five children. Leaving Switzerland In early 1834, with his shop failing in Burgdorf, Switzerland, Suter abandoned his family and set off for America. He arrived in New York City and changed his name to John Sutter. Sutter claimed a military background, saying he had been a captain in the Royal Swiss Guard of the French king. This claim has not been proven by historians, but as â€Å"Captain John Sutter,† he soon joined a caravan headed for Missouri. Traveling West In 1835, Sutter was moving farther westward, in a wagon train headed for Santa Fe, New Mexico. For the next few years, he engaged in several businesses, herding horses back to Missouri and then guiding travelers out to the West. Always close to being bankrupt, he heard about opportunity and land in remote regions of the West and joined an expedition to the Cascade Mountains. Sutters Peculiar Route to California Sutter loved the adventure of travel, which took him to Vancouver. He wanted to reach California, which would have been difficult to do overland, so he first sailed to Hawaii. He hoped to catch a ship in Honolulu bound for San Francisco. In Hawaii, his plans unraveled. There were no ships bound for San Francisco. But, trading on his purported military credentials, he was able to raise funds for a California expedition which, oddly, went by way of Alaska. In June 1839, he took a ship from a fur trading settlement at what is today Sitka, Alaska to San Francisco, finally arriving on July 1, 1839. Sutter Talked His Way Into Opportunity At that time, California was part of Mexican territory. Sutter approached Governor Juan Alvarado and impressed him enough to obtain a land grant. Sutter was given the opportunity to find a suitable location where he could begin a settlement. If the settlement was successful, Sutter could eventually apply for Mexican citizenship. What  Sutter had talked himself into was not a guaranteed success. The central valley of California at that time was inhabited by Native American tribes who were very hostile to white settlers. Other colonies in the area had already failed. Fort Sutter Sutter set out with a band of settlers in late 1839. Finding a favorable spot where the American and Sacramento Rivers came together, on the site of present-day Sacramento, Sutter began building a fort. Sutter dubbed the little colony Nueva Helvetia (or New Switzerland). Over the following decade, this settlement absorbed various trappers, immigrants, and wanderers who were also seeking fortune or adventure in California. Sutter Became a Casualty of Good Fortune Sutter built up a huge estate and by the mid-1840s, the former shopkeeper from Switzerland was known as â€Å"General Sutter.† He was involved in various political intrigues, including disputes with another power player in early California, John C.  Frà ©mont. Sutter emerged unscathed from these troubles and his fortune seemed assured. Yet the discovery of gold on his property by one of his workers on January 24, 1848, led to his downfall. Discovery of Gold Sutter attempted to keep the discovery of gold on his land secret. But when word leaked out,  the workers in  Sutters settlement deserted him to search for gold in the hills. Before long, word had spread worldwide of the gold discovery in California. Crowds of gold seekers came streaming into  California and squatters encroached on Sutters lands, destroying his crops, herds, and settlements. By 1852, Sutter  was bankrupt. Death Sutter eventually returned East, living in a Moravian colony in Lititz, Pennsylvania. He traveled to Washington, D.C. to petition Congress for reimbursement for his losses. While his relief bill was bottled up in the Senate, Sutter died in a Washington hotel on June 18, 1880. Legacy The New York Times published a lengthy obituary of Sutter two days after his death. The newspaper noted that Sutter had risen from poverty to being the wealthiest man in the Pacific coast. And despite his eventual slide back into poverty, the obituary noted that he remained courtly and dignified. An article about Sutters burial in Pennsylvania noted that  John C.  Frà ©mont  was one of his pallbearers, and he spoke of their friendship back in California decades earlier. Sutter is known as one of the founders of California, whose Fort Sutter was the site of present-day Sacramento, California. His rise from poverty to wealth and his descent back to poverty is marked by a profound irony. The gold strike that created so many fortunes was a curse for the man on whose land it began and led to his ultimate ruin. Sources Discovery of Gold, by John A. Sutter - 1848.Hurtado, Albert, L. John Sutter: A Life on the North American Frontier,  University of Oklahoma Press, 2006.

Organizational Style Is Organized And Streamlined Essay

nonsense, while the organizational style is organized and streamlined. After taking the survey and analyzing the result, the entire process was an accurate depiction of this leader on all levels. Leadership Development Goals Leadership development is one of the most important things an organization can do to increase competitive advantage and support all corporate strategies and initiatives. As reported by Johnson, Garrison, Hernez-Broome, Fleenor, and Steed (2012) â€Å"individuals believe leadership development has a positive impact on the leader and the organization† (p. 555). In supporting the development of organizational leader’s this states that the company is focused on creating a strong corporate culture and learning environment. Moreover, leadership goal setting provides a path for the individual to focus on achieving and provides the opportunity to feel a great sense of accomplishment upon completion. Johnson et al. (2012) described the impact of goal setting in that â€Å"when individuals set goals, they are more likely to achieve those goals because goal setting increases goal commitment, planning behavior, and motivation toward one s goal† (p. 557). Goal setting provides a road map for the leader to follow in order to continue to contribute to the strategic direction and vision of the organization. 1) Development Objective: Communicate More Effectively One area of weakness for this leader is the ability to clearly communicate in a group setting. Often theShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Top Managements Care Towards IT Organization 827 Words   |  4 PagesThis case study talks about the importance of top managements care towards IT organization and that IT needs motivated leadership and outstanding performance from them as any other organizational segment. 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Lesson Plan Guide

Question: For this week's assignment, you will complete your next lesson plan. 4pages/ 1000 words. Your lesson plan should be focused on literature, or fictional text, and should be based on the guided reading approach to literacy instruction. Please use this week's readings and videos to guide you in completing your lesson plan. Answer: 1.0 Objectives At the lesson the learners must be able to; Readsimplewords without any Comprehend English 2.0 Instructional Procedures The instructor shows a perusing preparation errand before the understudies begin to peruse the relegated content. This can take the type of a Graphic Organizer, request technique, Text preview, or a Brainstorming session. Amid this time, the educator makes it clear to the class why they are perusing the section and urges them how essential it is that they recollect whatever number of the subtle elements as could be allowed. The educator allocates a share of the content to be perused noiselessly and stays accessible to help any individual who is experiencing issues. When the many of the class has completed, the instructor requests that they impart what subtle elements they recollect. Every reaction is recorded on the blackboard or an overhead straightforwardness. At the point when the majority of the recollected data has been recorded, the educator and understudies come back to the determination so as to discover extra data and also right any points of interest that were mistakenly reviewed. This new data is included to the rundown the board (or straightforwardness), and the deception is remedied. The instructor then coordinates the class in sorting out the material into blueprint structure, highlighting the fundamental thoughts and supporting points of interest. It is likewise suitable to sort out by delineating the points of interest in successive request. Inquiries are coordinated to the understudies to help them blend the new material with data they as of now have learned. Before all else, these inquiries ought to be particular: How does this data support what we realized a week ago. Give a sample of how this data underpins what we realized a week ago. A short test is given to decide how a great part of the data was found out. 3.0 Activities In order to meet the learning objective, the students are given tasks that will enable them attain the reading skill. In order to achieve the tasks, the learners are given tasks to practice reading. Different strategies get employed such as; Takingthebooksandpracticereading. Thebookthatthestudentuses in thereadingtaskcontainsnumerous English wordsforreading. Theinstructordirectthelearners on everystage of readingwhilenotingthelearners ability to read. Theliteracybeingaddressed is readingaction. Selecting a bagcontainingwords. Thebag is designed to havecards with wordswritten. Thestudentpicks a cardandstartsreadingTheliteracybeingaddressed is readingaction. Using a browsing box. Theboxcontainswords to be read. It is wherestudentselect a box of interestso as to startreading. Theliteracybeingaddressedincludes reading actionandphonicsaction. Inferencespursuit: Use theinsightand data from pictures to work on makingdeductions. Placethederivationtangle before youandselect a picturecard. Discover theletter on thepicturecardandthe three derivationcards with thesameletter. Take a gander at thepictureandreadthe three deductions. Utilizing pieces of information from thepictureand your owninsightchoose which two announcementsyou can surmise from thepictureandarticulationyou can't construe. Theprincipalplayer to achievetheend of theamusementscores an objectiveandwins! After diversionplay, thestudentfinishesthe worksheet given. Theliteracybeingaddressedincludesinductionsmovement, perusingaction, derivationaction, forecastaction, perusingappreciationtask. Syllable snowballs tasks. Use the snowball that work on perusing words and recognizing the quantity of syllables. The student peruses every statement resoundingly, by choosing on a chance that it has a1, 2, or 3 syllables, and spot it on the right sorting page. After the greater parts of the snowballs are sorted, one of the worksheets gets completed. The literacy being addressed includes syllables movement, tallying syllables action, and phonics action. 4.0 Assessment In the placement of a guided reading group, the Running Record gets employed as a tool for assessing the students. It as well gives the information so as to decide on the approach taken for each learner in the group. Running record works best for learners who are reading, and the goal for accuracy ranges from 95% to 94%. Observation is another method of assessing the students abilities to read. A survey is given where student gets to be evaluated in three categories: vocabulary writing, identification of learners, sight words, hearing, and sound recording. In arranging social groups of the data of each of a learner, one can settle on an educated choice about how to place them into groups for guided perusing regardless of the fact that they are not actually perusing. In a situation where there are different categories, grouping is possible by putting them as lowest readers, middle readers, and highest readers. There is a need to take records of every learner's progress constantly. It gives an overview of whether the learners got the understanding of the strategies that was employed. Use of the scholastic reading inventory (SRI) tool to assess the learners abilities. Through a progression of various decision perception addresses, the PC has the capacity give a score to every understudy in view of his/her execution. It is simple for a whole classroom to enter a PC lab and take the test inside 20-40 minutes. Upon finish, the information is accessible for the educator, understudies, and folks in a wide range of configurations. The information makes it simple for the instructor to gathering the understudies and pick proper books. Developmental Reading Assessment (DRA). It includes an instructor straightforwardly meeting expectations with individual understudies through different exercises to focus perusing levels. 5.0 Standards The common core standard for English gets employed. The literacy outcome that is to be attained through the lesson is the ability of the learners to read simple words without any problem and to comprehend English words. References Birch, B. M. (2014). English L2 reading: Getting to the bottom. Routledge. Harvey, Stephanie, and Anne Goudvis. 2000. Strategies That Work: Teaching Comprehension Strategies to Enhance Understanding. York, ME. Stenhouse. Hopkins, D. (2014). A teachers guide to classroom research. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Horwitz, E. K. (2014). Becoming a language teacher: A practical guide to second language learning and teaching. CATESOL Journal, 25(2013), 2013. Miller, Debbie.2002. Reading with Meaning: Teaching Comprehension in the Primary Grades. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. Routman, Regie. 1999. Conversations: Strategies for Teaching, Learning, and Evaluating. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. Routman. Regie. 2002. Reading Essentials: The Specifics you Need to Teach Reading Well. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. Taberski, Sharon. 2000. On Solid Ground Strategies for Teaching Reading K-3. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.